Legal Citation with the Canadian Open Access Legal Citation Guide (the COAL Guide)

Because legal writing often engages with topics and terminology that may not be discussed at length in other areas, this resource seeks to assemble guidelines that are helpful to those in the legal profession. Various existing resources were consulted in the preparation of this guide, including books, government websites, cultural sensitivity courses used in corporate settings, and existing legal scholarship, in addition to consultations with subject matter experts at Dalhousie University’s Schulich School of Law. These resources were synthesized to create a more cohesive set of guidelines relevant specifically to the Canadian legal context. As the guide was authored in Mi’kma’ki primarily for the use of law students at Dalhousie, particular attention is paid to terminology regarding the Mi’kmaq and Wolastoqewiyik Peoples who have inhabited the Atlantic region since time immemorial. This guide will be updated periodically as emerging trends in the field become established conventions.

By Lorisia MacLeod, James Smith Cree Nation

In this project report, MacLeod introduces the citation templates for Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers that she created in partnership with the staff of the NorQuest Indigenous Student Centre. These citation templates have been adopted/linked to by twenty-five institutions across Canada and the United States. They represent an attempt to formalize something that Indigenous scholars have been doing for decades: fighting to find a better way to acknowledge their voices and knowledges within academia.

By Danielle Lussier and Steven Stechly
(2022) 53:2 Ottawa Law Review 301, 2022 CanLIIDocs 1622.

The Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation, colloquially known as the “McGill Guide,” is both a strong symbol of, and a prerequisite for, any form of engagement within Canadian legal academia. While studying law requires a deep understanding of the Guide, it does not inherently encourage interrogation of the pedagogical structures the Guide upholds. In this sense, critical engagement with the politics of citation is often overlooked in legal curricula. Examining their own attempts to centre Indigenous knowledge systems in legal research, the authors suggest that a critical failure in efforts towards decolonization of the legal academy resides in the exclusionary and Eurocentric nature of legal citation practices. They argue that citational politics become more problematized when scholars must “fit” Indigenous Knowledge into one of the pre-existing Western sources of law included in the Guide, a process that frequently results in Indigenous Knowledge being relegated to the unenviable bibliographic category of “other materials.”

The authors argue that there is an opportunity to valourize long-subjugated Indigenous knowledge and amplify voices often silenced within the academy through the decolonization of legal citation methods. Situating the conversation of Indigenous citation politics and exploring the input of Indigenous librarians and scholars from a variety of academic fields, the authors survey a variety of citation manuals across disciplines and present the case for creating inclusive Indigenous legal citation practices. Beyond Indigenous oral knowledge citation, the authors specifically turn their minds to the citation of wampum and “extra-intellectual knowledge” including art, beadwork, and personal knowledge such as dreams, encouraging learners and researchers to engage in thoughtful citation practices and imagine decolonial legal futures grounded in a spirit of traitorous love.